Pure Titanium Titanium Grade 2
Titanium Grade 2 (GR2) fasteners are widely used in aerospace, marine engineering, petrochemical, power generation, medical devices, and high-end sporting goods industries due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance (especially in seawater and humid atmospheres), and good high-temperature performance. They are commonly used in the manufacture of aircraft structural components, marine equipment, chemical processing equipment, artificial joints, and other high-performance fastening components that require corrosion resistance and lightweight characteristics.
Ti6AL4V Titanium Grade 5 Alloy
Ti6AL4V titanium alloy is a medium-strength dual-phase titanium alloy and is the most extensively studied and widely applied titanium alloy material. The majority of titanium alloy materials used for fasteners are Ti6AL4V alloys. When manufacturing fasteners, Ti6AL4V titanium alloy can only be formed by hot heading, which requires specialized hot-heading and heating equipment. This not only reduces production efficiency but also results in relatively low material utilization.
For high-strength fasteners, Ti6AL4V titanium alloy fasteners cannot fully meet strength requirements. After solution treatment and aging, the maximum tensile strength can reach approximately 1,100 MPa, while the shear strength is around 650 MPa. Due to the poor hardenability of Ti6AL4V titanium alloy, the cross-sectional size of Ti6AL4V fasteners is generally limited to less than 19 mm during solution and aging treatment. Ti6AL4V titanium alloy fasteners include bolts, Hi-Lok bolts, blind rivets, screws, and lockbolts. Among them, Ti6AL4V bolts have been extensively used in domestic aircraft, engines, airborne equipment, spacecraft, and satellites.
Titanium Grade 7 Alloy
Titanium Grade 7 (GR7) fasteners are widely used in chemical, petrochemical, marine engineering, and power industries due to their exceptional corrosion resistance, particularly in reducing acid environments such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. They are commonly used to manufacture chemical equipment, reactors, pipelines, pumps, valves, and other components, providing high reliability and long service life. GR7 titanium fasteners are an ideal alternative to stainless steel in applications involving highly corrosive media.
Titanium Grade 12 Alloy
Titanium Grade 12 (GR12) is a high-strength, corrosion-resistant titanium alloy, notable for its excellent weldability and outstanding resistance to crevice corrosion in high-temperature and high-salinity environments. It is widely used in aerospace (e.g., rocket casings, spacecraft components), marine engineering (pumps, valves, pipelines, heat exchangers), chemical industry (high-temperature reactors), power generation, and naval applications. Fasteners, such as bolts and nuts, represent a key application of GR12, particularly in environments that demand both high strength and superior corrosion resistance.
Ti-6Al-2.5Mo-1.5Cr-0.5Fe-0.3Si Titanium Alloy
Ti-6Al-2.5Mo-1.5Cr-0.5Fe-0.3Si titanium alloy is a martensitic (α+β) dual-phase titanium alloy with excellent comprehensive properties. This alloy is generally used in the annealed condition, can also be strengthened through heat treatment, and exhibits good oxidation resistance.
Ti-3Al-5Mo-4.5V Titanium Alloy
Ti-3Al-5Mo-4.5V titanium alloy is a typical solution-treated and aged strengthening dual-phase titanium alloy. After solution treatment, the alloy exhibits high room-temperature plasticity, resulting in excellent cold-heading performance, with an upsetting ratio of up to 1:4. In fastener manufacturing, Ti-3Al-5Mo-4.5V titanium alloy can be formed either by direct cold heading or by hot heading. Currently, Ti-3Al-5Mo-4.5V titanium alloy fasteners mainly include bolts, screws, and self-locking nuts.
Ti-3Al-8Cr-5Mo-5V Titanium Alloy
Ti-3Al-8Cr-5Mo-5V titanium alloy is a metastable β-type titanium alloy. In the solution-treated condition, Ti-3Al-8Cr-5Mo-5V titanium alloy exhibits excellent cold formability and weldability. It is mainly used in the manufacture of satellite corrugated shells, launch vehicle–satellite connection straps, and various cold-headed rivets and bolts. In particular, TB2 titanium alloy rivets have been widely applied in key aerospace models.
Ti-10Mo-8V-1Fe-3.5Al Titanium Alloy
Ti-10Mo-8V-1Fe-3.5Al titanium alloy is a heat-treatable metastable β-type titanium alloy. Its primary advantage is excellent cold formability in the solution-treated state, with a cold-heading ratio of up to 2.8. After solution treatment and aging, the alloy can achieve high strength and is mainly used for manufacturing 1,100 MPa-class high-strength aerospace fasteners.
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al Titanium Alloy
Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al titanium alloy is a metastable β-type titanium alloy. Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al titanium alloy exhibits excellent cold formability comparable to that of commercially pure titanium. After solution treatment, various fasteners can be cold formed; after aging, the room-temperature tensile strength can reach up to 1,000 MPa. Boeing has already applied Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al titanium alloy fasteners in Boeing aircraft. In China, Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al titanium alloy has also been used to manufacture cold-headed rivets for fighter aircraft canopy beams and satellite corrugated panels.
Ti-3Al-2.7Nb-15Mo Titanium Alloy
Ti-3Al-2.7Nb-15Mo titanium alloy is a metastable β21S titanium alloy. This alloy exhibits excellent hot and cold workability, good hardenability, as well as outstanding creep resistance and corrosion resistance. Due to the use of high-melting-point, low self-diffusion β-stabilizing elements such as Mo and Nb, Ti-3Al-2.7Nb-15Mo titanium alloy shows superior high-temperature oxidation resistance. Its oxidation resistance is approximately 100 times higher than that of Ti-15-3 alloy. Currently, Ti-3Al-2.7Nb-15Mo titanium alloy high-strength bolts have been widely applied in key aerospace products in China.
Ti-45Nb Alloy
Ti-45Nb alloy is a stable β-type titanium alloy specifically developed for rivet applications. Initially, titanium alloys used for rivets were mainly commercially pure titanium. However, the strength of pure titanium fasteners is relatively low, making them unsuitable for high-load-bearing applications. Therefore, there was an urgent need for a titanium alloy with plasticity close to that of pure titanium but with higher strength. Common metastable β-type titanium alloys have high deformation resistance and significantly lower room-temperature plasticity compared to pure titanium.
Subsequently, the Ti-45Nb alloy was developed. This alloy exhibits high room-temperature plasticity, with an elongation of up to 20% and a reduction of area as high as 60%, demonstrating excellent cold workability. Compared with pure titanium, Ti-45Nb alloy has higher tensile and shear strengths, reaching approximately 450 MPa and 350 MPa, respectively.